Non+Governmental+organization

= Non-governmental organization  = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia **NGO** is a legally constituted organization created by [|natural]  or  [|legal persons]  that operates independently from any  [|government]. The term originated from the United Nations (UN), and is normally used to refer to organisations that do not form part of the government and are not conventional for-profit business. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider [|social]  aim that has  [|political]  aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as  [|political parties]. Unlike the term " [|intergovernmental organization]  ", the term "non-governmental organization" has no generally agreed legal definition. In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names. The number of [|internationally operating NGOs]  is estimated at 40,000. [|[1] ] National numbers are even higher: [|Russia]  has 277,000 NGOs;  [|[2] ] [|India]  is estimated to have around 3.3 million NGOs in year 2009 that is one NGO for less than 400 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centres in India. [|[3] ] [|[4] ]

== NGOs are difficult to define and classify due to the term’s inconsistent use. NGO, non-profit organization (NPO) and private voluntary organization (PVO) are the most used terms and are used interchangeably despite differing definitions. Classifying none-governmental organizations within defined boundaries excludes NGOs that fall outside each specific boundary. Additionally, it is beneficial for NGO networks to create a classification that allows similar organizations to exchange information more easily. To attempt a classification of NGOs requires a framework, that includes the orientation and the organization's level of operation. An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities an organization takes on. These activities might include environmental, development, or advocacy work. An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works on, like the difference in work between an international NGO and community or national NGO. [|[5] ] ==

Definition of NGO
One of the earliest mentions of the term "NGO" was in 1945 when the UN was created. The UN introduced the term "NGO" to distinguish between the participation of international private organizations and intergovernmental specialized agencies. According to the UN, all kinds of private organizations that are independent from government control can be recognized as "NGOs." "NGOs" cannot seek to diminish a nation's government in the shape of an opposing political party; NGOs also need to be non-criminal and non-profit. Professor Peter Willets, from the City University of London, argues the definition of NGOs can be interpreted differently by various organizations and depending on a situation’s context. He defines an NGO as “"an independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis for some common purpose other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities." In this view, two main types of NGOs are recognized according to the activities they pursue: operational and campaigning NGO’s. Although Willets proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a tool to differentiate the main activities of these organizations, he also explains that they have more similarities than differences. Their activities are unrestricted; thus operational NGOs may need to campaign and campaigning NGOs may need to take on structural projects. [|[6] ] **NGO consultative status with ECOSOC:** A consultative status for an NGO is the right to participate in resolutions and deliberations within the ECOSOC, which is the Economic and Social Council in the [|United Nations]. In order to be eligible for a consultative status, an NGO must have at least two years of existence, which requires to have been properly registered with the respective authorities and government. The organizations must have a democratic constitution, representative authority, established headquarters, accountability for transparent and democratic decision-making and be independent from government control. [|[7] ] NGOs are defined by the [|World Bank]  as "private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development". [|[8] ]

NPOs and NGOs
Common usage varies between countries - for example NGO is commonly used for domestic organizations in [|Australia]  that would be referred to as  [|non-profit organizations]  in the  [|United States]. Such organizations that operate on the international level are fairly consistently referred to as "non-governmental organizations", in the United States and elsewhere. There is a growing movement within the [|non-profit organization]  /non-government sector to define itself in a more constructive, accurate way. The "non-profit" designation is seen to be particularly dysfunctional for at least three reasons: 1) It says nothing about the purpose of the organization, only what it is not; 2) It focuses the mind on "profit" as being the opposite of the organization's purpose; 3) It implies that the organization has few financial resources and may run out of money before completing its mission. Instead of being defined by "non-" words, organizations are suggesting new terminology to describe the sector. The term " [|social benefit organization]  " (SBO) is being adopted by some organizations. This defines them in terms of their positive mission. The term "  [|civil society]  organization" (CSO) has also been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. [|[9] ] The term "citizen sector organization" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector — as one of citizens, for citizens. [|[10] ] These labels, SBO and CSO, position the sector as its own entity, without relying on language used for the government or business sectors. However, some have argued that //CSO// is not particularly helpful, given that most NGOs are in fact funded by governments and/or profit-driven businesses and that some NGOs are clearly hostile to independently organized people's organizations. [|[11] ] [|[12] ] The term "social benefit organization" seems to avoid that problem, since it does not assume any particular structure, but rather focuses on the organization's mission.

History
International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least 1839. [|[13] ] It has been estimated that by 1914 there were 1083 NGOs. [|[14] ] International NGOs were important in the [|anti-slavery movement]  and the movement for  [|women's suffrage] , and reached a peak at the time of the  [|World Disarmament Conference]. [|[15] ] However, the phrase "non-governmental organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the [|United Nations Organization]  in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of  [|Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter] [|[16] ] for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states—see  [|Consultative Status]. The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in [|sustainable development]  was recognized in Chapter 27  [|[17] ] of  [|Agenda 21] , leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the  [|United Nations]  and non-governmental organizations. [|[18] ] Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the processes of restructuring of the [|welfare state]. Further [|globalization]  of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the  [|Washington consensus]. [|[11] ] Globalization during the 20th century gave rise to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. [|International treaties] and international organizations such as the  [|World Trade Organization]  were centred mainly on the interests of capitalist enterprises. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize [|humanitarian issues] ,  [|developmental aid]  and  [|sustainable development]. A prominent example of this is the [|World Social Forum] , which is a rival convention to the  [|World Economic Forum]  held annually in January in  [|Davos]  ,  [|Switzerland]. The fifth World Social Forum in [|Porto Alegre] ,  [|Brazil]  , in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs.[//  [|citation needed]  //] Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist [|[19] ] in nature, that they sometimes operate in a  [|racialized]  manner in  [|third world]  countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era. The philosopher [|Peter Hallward]  argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. [|[20] ] Whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive. [|[21] ]

Types of NGOs
NGO type can be understood by orientation and level of co-operation. NGO type by orientation NGO type by level of co-operation Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are used as for example: independent sector, volunteer sector, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social movement organizations, private voluntary organizations, self-help organizations and non-state actors (NSA's). Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has developed around the term "NGO". These include: [|USAID] refers to NGOs as //private voluntary organisations//. However many scholars have argued that this definition is highly problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and corporate funded and managed projects with professional staff.[// [|citation needed]  //] NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or funders. Examples include improving the state of the [|natural environment] , encouraging the observance of  [|human rights]  , improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agenda. However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goals cover a broad range of political and philosophical positions. This can also easily be applied to private schools and athletic organizations.
 * Charitable orientation;
 * Service orientation;
 * Participatory orientation;
 * Empowering orientation;
 * Community- Based Organization;
 * City Wide Organization;
 * National NGOs;
 * International NGOs;
 * BINGO, short for Business-friendly International NGO or Big International NGO;
 * National NGO: A non-governmental organization that exists only in one country. This term is usually rare due to the globalization of Non-governmental organizations, which causes an NGO to exist in more than one country. [|[6] ]
 * [|CSO], short for civil society organization;
 * DONGO: Donor Organized NGO;
 * [|ENGO] : short for environmental NGO, such as  [|Greenpeace]  and  [|WWF]
 * NNGO, short for northern non governmental organization.
 * IDCIs, short for international development cooperation institutions.
 * SNGOs, short for support nongovernmental organizations
 * SCOS, also known as social change organizations
 * [|GONGOs] are government-operated NGOs, which may have been set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of the government in question;
 * [|INGO] stands for international NGO;  [|Oxfam] ,  [|INSPAD]  INSTITUTE OF PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT "A European Think Tank For Peace Initiatives" ;
 * [|QUANGOs] are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the  [|International Organization for Standardization]  (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the  [|American National Standards Institute] , which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
 * TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO;
 * TNGO: short for transnational NGO; The term emerged during the 1970s due to the increase of environmental and economic issues in the global community. TNGO includes non-governmental organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or more countries.
 * GSO: [|Grassroots Support Organization]
 * MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO
 * NGDO: non-governmental development organization

Activities
There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the [|World Bank]  uses divides them into Operational and Advocacy:  [|[24] ] **Operational NGOs** Operational NGOs seek to "achieve small scale change directly through projects." [|[25] ] " They mobilize financial resources, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field. They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants and contracts in order to raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure; with a main headquarters staffed by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects [|[25] ] Operational NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of services and welfare, emergency relief and environmental issues. Operational NGOs can be further categorized, one frequently used categorization is the division into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations; they can also be classified according to whether they stress service delivery or participation; or whether they are religious or secular; and whether they are more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national or international. The defining activity of operational NGOs is implementing projects. [|[25] ] **Campaigning NGOs** Campaigning NGOs seek to "achieve large scale change promoted indirectly through influence of the political system." [|[25] ] Campaigning NGOs need an efficient and effective group of professional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They must plan and host demonstrations and events that will keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations. [|[25] ] Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, women's rights, children's rights. The primary purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a specific cause. As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activist events. **Operational and Campaigning NGOs** It is not uncommon for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be remedied through policy changes. At the same time, Campaigning NGOs, like human rights organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are trying to help through their advocacy work. [|[25] ] **Concerns about NGOs** NGOs were intended to fill a gap in government services, but in countries like India, NGOs are gaining a powerful stronghold in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most donors require that NGOs demonstrate a relationship with governments. State Governments themselves are vulnerable because they lack strategic planning and vision. They are therefore sometimes tightly bound by a nexus of NGOs, political bodies, commercial organizations and major donors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs but no long term affect. NGOs in India are under regulated, political, and recipients of large government and international donor funds. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no access to the number of projects or amount of funding received by these NGOs. There is a pressing need to regulate this group while not curtailing their unique role as a supplement to government services.

Methods
NGOs vary in their methods. Some act primarily as lobbyists, while others primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as [|Oxfam] , concerned with poverty alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and skills to find food and clean  [|drinking water]  , whereas an NGO like the  [|FFDA]  helps through investigation and documentation of human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. Others, such as [|Afghanistan Information Management Services] , provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities implemented on the ground by other organizations.

Public relations
Non-governmental organisations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of ethics [|[26] ] was established in 2002 by The World Association of Non Governmental NGOs.

Project management
There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are crucial to project success in non-governmental organizations. [|[27] ] Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private have either a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support and voluntary contributions for aid; they often have strong links with community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved in local action.

Staffing
Not all people working for non-governmental organizations are [|volunteers]. There is some dispute as to whether [|expatriates]  should be sent to developing countries. Frequently this type of personnel is employed to satisfy a [|donor]  who wants to see the supported project managed by someone from an  [|industrialized country]. However, the expertise these employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors: the cost of [|foreigners]  is typically higher, they have no  [|grassroot connections]  in the country they are sent to, and local expertise is often undervalued. [|[24] ] The NGO sector is an important employer in terms of numbers.[// [|citation needed]  //] For example, by the end of 1995,  [|CONCERN worldwide] , an international Northern NGO working against poverty, employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countries in  [|Africa]  and  [|Asia]  , and in  [|Haiti].

Funding
Large NGOs may have annual budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of the [|American Association of Retired Persons]  (AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999. [|[28] ] Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO funding are membership dues, the sale of [|goods]  and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, and private  [|donations]. Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs. Even though the term "non-governmental organization" implies [|independence]  from governments, most NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding. [|[11] ] A quarter of the US$162 million income in 1998 of the [|famine-relief]  organization  [|Oxfam]  was donated by the British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization [|World Vision United States]  collected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government. [|Nobel Prize] winner  [|Médecins Sans Frontières]  (MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors Without Borders) gets 46% of its income from government sources. [|[29] ] Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in // [|The New Republic]  //, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter." [|[30] ] Some NGOs, such as [|Greenpeace]  do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations. [|[31] ] [|[32] ]

Monitoring and control
In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the international community has a [|"right to protect"]  citizens of the world against ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched the Responsibility to Protect [|R2P]  PDF (434  [|KiB]  ) project, outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadian government's use of R2P to justify its intervention and support of the [|coup]  in Haiti. [|[33] ] Years after R2P, the [|World Federalist Movement] , an organization which supports "the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international authority among separate agencies", has launched Responsibility to Protect - Engaging Civil Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the original R2P project. The governments of the countries an NGO works or is registered in may require reporting or other monitoring and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such information is not necessarily publicly available. There may also be associations and watchdog organizations that research and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas.[// [|citation needed]  //] In recent years, many large corporations have increased their [|corporate social responsibility]  departments in an attempt to preempt NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices. As the logic goes, if corporations work //with// NGOs, NGOs will not work//against// corporations. In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) [|S. Ward Casscells]  established an  [|International Health]  Division under Force Health Protection & Readiness. [|[34] ] Part of International Health's mission is to communicate with NGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000.05, [|[35] ] in 2005, requires DoD to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat. In compliance with [|international law] , DoD has necessarily built a capacity to improve essential services in areas of conflict such as  [|Iraq]  , where the customary lead agencies (  [|State Department]  and  [|USAID]  ) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the "co-option" strategy described for corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service. International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length, recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status. While the goals of DoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoD's emphasis on stability and security to reduce and prevent conflict suggests, on careful analysis, important mutual interests.

Legal status
The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each country's laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide: [|[36] ] NGOs are not subjects of [|international law] , as states are. An exception is the [|International Committee of the Red Cross] , which is subject to certain specific matters, mainly relating to the  [|Geneva Convention]. The [|Council of Europe]  in  [|Strasbourg]  drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the [|European Convention on Human Rights]  protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs.
 * Unincorporated and [|voluntary association]
 * [|Trusts],  [|charities]  and  [|foundations]
 * Companies [|not just for profit]
 * Entities formed or registered under special NGO or [|nonprofit]  laws

Critiques
Stuart Becker provides the following summary of the primary critiques of NGOs: "There’s a debate that, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racist manner in Third World countries and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Philosopher [|Peter Hallward]  argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics." [|[37] ] [|Issa G. Shivji] is one of Africa's leading experts on law and development issues as an author and academic. His critique on NGOs is found in two essays: "Silences in NGO discourse: The role and future of NGOs in Africa" and "Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania: What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be". Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the "objective effects of actions, regardless of their intentions". [|[38] ] Shivji argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of a [|neoliberal]  paradigm rather than pure altruistic motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change the world without understanding it, and that the [|imperial]  relationship continues today with the rise of NGOs.

Advantages and Disadvantages
**Advantages** 1. They have the ability to experiment freely with innovative approaches and, if necessary, to take risks. 2. They are flexible in adapting to local situations and responding to local needs and therefore able to develop integrated projects, as well as sectoral projects. 3. They enjoy good rapport with people and can render micro-assistance to very poor people as they can identify those who are most in need and tailor assistance to their needs. 4. They have the ability to communicate at all levels, from the neighbourhood to the top levels of government. 5. They are able to recruit both experts and highly motivated staff with fewer restrictions than the government. **Disadvantages** 1. Paternalistic attitudes restrict the degree of participation in program/project design. 2. Restricted/constrained ways of approach to a problem or area. 3. Reduced/less replicability of an idea, due to non-representativeness of the project or selected area, relatively small project coverage, dependence on outside financial resources, etc. 4. "Territorial possessiveness" of an area or project reduces cooperation between agencies, seen as threatening or competitive. 5. Top-down models of development minimize the role of local knowledge and ownership to submit or conform to international norms and expectations. 6. Dependency on external assistance decreases the pressure for local and national governments to provide for their citizens.